First Letter Capitalization - Practice Coding Problems

First Letter Capitalization - Problem

Database Hard

You have a user_content table containing text content that needs to be formatted with proper capitalization.

Table Structure:

content_id: Unique identifier for each content entry
content_text: The text content to be transformed

Task: Transform the text by capitalizing the first letter of each word while converting all other letters to lowercase. Preserve all existing spaces between words.

Return: A result table with both the original text and the converted text where each word starts with a capital letter.

Table Schema

user_content

Column Name	Type	Description
`content_id` PK	int	Unique identifier for content
`content_text`	varchar	Text content to be transformed

Primary Key: content_id

Note: Each row contains unique content that needs title case formatting

Input & Output

Example 1 — Basic Text Transformation

Input Table:

content_id	content_text
1	hello world of SQL
2	the QUICK brown fox
3	data science AND machine learning

Output:

content_id	original_text	converted_text
1	hello world of SQL	Hello World Of Sql
2	the QUICK brown fox	The Quick Brown Fox
3	data science AND machine learning	Data Science And Machine Learning

💡 Note:

Each word's first letter is capitalized while all other letters become lowercase. The function handles mixed case input like 'QUICK' and 'AND' by converting them to proper title case.

Example 2 — All Caps and Mixed Content

Input Table:

content_id	content_text
4	TOP rated programming BOOKS
5	advanced sql QUERIES and optimization

Output:

content_id	original_text	converted_text
4	TOP rated programming BOOKS	Top Rated Programming Books
5	advanced sql QUERIES and optimization	Advanced Sql Queries And Optimization

💡 Note:

Words in all caps like 'TOP' and 'BOOKS' are converted to title case. The INITCAP function preserves spacing and handles any combination of uppercase and lowercase letters.

Constraints

content_id is unique for each row
content_text contains only letters and spaces
No special characters or punctuation in the text
1 ≤ content_id ≤ 1000

Visualization

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Understanding the Visualization

Input

Mixed case text content

Transform

Apply INITCAP function

Output

Title case formatted text

Key Takeaway

🎯 Key Insight: Use INITCAP when you need to standardize text formatting to proper title case

Asked in

A Amazon 23 M Microsoft 18 G Google 15

Use PostgreSQL's INITCAP function to convert text to title case, capitalizing the first letter of each word while converting all other letters to lowercase.

Table Schema

user_content

Column Name	Type	Description
`content_id` PK	int	Unique identifier for content
`content_text`	varchar	Text content to be transformed

Primary Key: content_id

Note: Each row contains unique content that needs title case formatting

Common Approaches

Approach	Time	Space	Notes
✓ String Functions with INITCAP	O(n)	O(1)	Use PostgreSQL's INITCAP function to convert text to title case

String Functions with INITCAP — Algorithm Steps

Step 1: Select original content_text as original_text
Step 2: Apply INITCAP function to content_text for converted_text
Step 3: Include content_id for identification

Visualization

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Step-by-Step Walkthrough

Input

Original mixed-case text

Transform

Apply INITCAP function

Output

Title case result

Code -

solution.c — C

Time & Space Complexity

Time Complexity

⏱️

O(n)

Single pass through each character in the string

✓ Linear Growth

Space Complexity

O(1)

No additional space beyond output

✓ Linear Space

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Smart Actions

💡 Explanation

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Table Schema

Input & Output

Constraints

Visualization

Related Problems

Table Schema

Common Approaches

String Functions with INITCAP — Algorithm Steps

Visualization

Code -

Time & Space Complexity

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